黄宗羲与弟子学术分歧研究之思考——《清初浙东学派论丛》专章析评

Reflection on the Academic Divergences Study of Huang Zong-Xi and His Disciples

黄宗羲与弟子们的学术分歧少有学者论及。据笔者看来,这一分歧意义重大。黄宗羲对弟子们的批评并不是空穴来风,也不是意气用事,而是儒家两种不同天人思想模式的分歧。在黄宗羲等心学大师这里,强调的是天人或天地的浑然贯通,提倡万物一体、心物合一、体用合一、内外合一之整体之学,因此他们反对单一的经世之学或事功实学;而在其弟子这里,由于受陈确或潘平格的影响,崇尚从人或地的角度来规定天,这就为清代的经世实学或礼治之学或新义理学奠定了基础。但这种实学或礼学是儒家整体之学的片面化,它反映的是儒家思想的衰落,而非进步。浙东学派这一内部的思想分歧直接反映了明末清初学风的转换和清代学术发展趋势,是思想史上值得注意的一个事件。

Few scholars paid attention to the academic divergences of Huang Zong-xi and his disciples. This difference was of great significance. Huang Zong-Xi's criticism to the disciples was not groundless, also was not emotional, but the divergence of two different modes of Confucian thought. This established the academic foundations of Qing dynasty. However, this kind of 'SHIXUE' or 'LIXUE' was unilateral to the overall Confucian. It meant the decline of Confucian thought, rather than progress. The internal thought divergences of the Eastern Zhejiang school was a worthy event in the history of thought, it directly reflected the conversion of late Ming dynasty and early Qing dynasty and the academic development in the Qing dynasty.