论哈贝马斯的“商议政治”对卢梭“公意”的传承与超越

Inheritance and Transcendence: On Habermas's Deliberative Politics and Rousseau's General Will

哈贝马斯提出的"商议政治"民主模式,是对卢梭"公意"学说的传承与超越。在哈贝马斯看来,作为社会共同体结合的原则,"公意"即为共同体的"公共性",它关乎共同体的公共福祉。正是公意使建立社会的必要转变为可能。同时,哈贝马斯发现,虽然公意的价值目标已经设定,然而在现实性上它偏重结果疏于过程。由此,要为"公意"建构一个交往行动空间,设置"交往"程序这样一个动态场域。哈贝马斯提出,"商议政治"的民主模式可以建构成为一种法律体系,它能够消除人权与人民主权之间的紧张关系。与致力于结果的"公意"相比,"商议政治"更偏好意志的形成过程,更具有包容性,它欲求的是社会秩序的动态平衡。这正是"商议政治"对"公意"的超越之所在。

Habermas who proposed the democratic pattern of ＂deliberative politics＂ has inherited and transcended Rousseau＇s ＂general will＂. As the principle of combining social community, ＂general will＂, that is, the public of the Community, related to the public well-being of the Community. It is the ＂general will＂ that made the necessity of the establishment of a society possible. At the same time, Habermas found that the objective of the value of the general will had been set, but in the reality it often emphasized the importance of the result, neglecting the process. Thus, it is important to construct a communicative space for action and to set a engagement program in the dynamic field for the ,＇general will＂. Habermas thought the theory of ＂deliberative politics＂ could explain how the private and public autonomywere internally related in the course of legal system. The inclusive theory with the desire for the dynamic balance of the social order put more emphasis on the course of the will, through the procedure of lawmaking that begets legitimacy. This is precisely the view making Habermas beyong Rousseau.