玻璃和玉石之路—兼论先秦硅酸盐质文物的中、外文化和技术交流(英文)

The Glass and Jade Road—the Cultural and Technical Exchange of Silicate Based Artefacts with Foreign Countries Before Qin Dynasty

重点介绍了中国古代玻璃的产生与发展和参与中、外文化和技术的交流。列举了出土于新疆拜城克孜尔的中国境内最早的玻璃珠是属于吸收古代西方制造玻璃的方法和玻璃的成分配方在当地制造的,时间在西周末和春秋初(1000～800B.C.)。中国最早的镶嵌(蜻蜓眼)玻璃珠是出土于河南淅川徐家岭和湖北随县擂鼓墩墓地,年代属战国初期(～500 B.C.)。从最近的分析研究表明,属于从西方引进的,它促进了200年后中国古代自制的镶嵌玻璃的产生。讨论了中国古代玉石和颜料的来源与中外交往的关系。分析了古代绿松石、软玉和作颜料的金青石的中国和国外的产地和来源以及历史上使用的情况,认为中国的古代绿松石有可能来自波斯(古代伊朗),时间在西周以前(>1500B.C.);而青金石来自阿富汗,时间在春秋战国之际(800～200 B.C.)。指出中国中原在夏、商之间玉器的玉料突然以透闪石型软玉为主,认为玉料来自新疆和田。根据考古资料,提出在公元前1 500～500年间古代玻璃器以及玉石材料从西向东和从北到南的转移线路图,这也是以古代草原之路为基础,从西亚和中亚进入中国内地。讨论了原史时期欧亚间的游牧部落的来往和技术交流的作用。

This paper presents the materials sources and making technology for ancient Chinese glasses and their technical exchange with foreign countries. The most early ancient glass beads, which were unearthed from Kiziltur＇s graveyard of Xinjiang Province, China during the West Zhou to the Spring and Autumn Period （1 100-800 B.C.）, were made locally, with the glass making technique from Western Asia. The most early compound glass beads （eye-beads） dated to the early Warring States Period （～500 B.C.） were unearthed from Xu Jialing Tomb in Xiehuan County of Henan Province and Leigudun graveyard, Sui County, Hubei Province, China. Their chemical composition by nondestructive analysis belonged to soda-lime silicate system. By comparing the decorative design and application of colour agent, we found that the ancient eye-beads unearthed in Xichuan and Sui countries were imported from the ancient Egypt, which could promote the glass compound （eye） bead making technology in the ancient China. The sources of ancient Chinese Jade stones and pigment materials, as well as their exchange with foreign countries were discussed in this paper. By analyzing the material origin, sources and application of jade stones of nephrite, turquoise and lapis lazuli, we considered that the ancient pigment materials of lapis lazuli was came from Afghanistan, and the turquoise jade stones were possibly imported from Persia （i.e., ancient Iran）. The suddenly increase of the jade artefacts of nephrite with tremolite mineral between Xia and Shang Dynasties indicated that the nephrite minerals came from a new source, probably from Hetian, Xinjiang, China. According to the archaeological materials, a road map of transportation of ancient glasses and jade stones from West to East in 1 500～500 B.C. was proposed, showing the ancient steppe road connected Western Asia and Central Asia with Inner China. The movement of steppe nomad tribes and technical exchange in Eurasia in the proto-history period was also discussed.