论我国农村信用社的法律属性——功能异化及其限度

On the Legal Nature of Chinese Rural Credit Cooperatives:Function Dissimilation and Its Limits

法律属性的研究在整个农村信用社法律制度研究中居于前置性地位。我国民商法学界围绕农村信用社属于企业法人还是非企业法人,营利法人还是非营利法人以及公益法人还是互益性法人等三个问题展开了激烈争议,且至今仍无定论。为此,厘清农村信用社法人属性问题至为必要。从法人类型看,农村信用社是一个从事营利性活动的经济组织,属于新商人;从法人性质看,农村信用社是一种与营利法人有着本质区别的非营利法人;而从法人目的看,农村信用社是一种与公益法人相并列的非营利组织,隶属于互益法人。综之,我国农村信用社从公权羁绊下异化而为一种互益性的非营利新商人,但其不应外拓为营利法人或者慈善法人,这是它应恪守的必要限度。

Study on the nature of law is prepositive in the legal study of rural credit cooperatives.Chinese scholar circle has been in a highly controversial discussion on the three issues:if rural credit cooperatives are legal representatives of enterprises or non-enterprises;if they are profitable or nonprofitable legal representative;if they are legal representatives for public interest or mutual interest? So it is very important to clearly define the legal nature of rural credit cooperatives.From the view of the types of legal representatives,rural credit cooperatives are economic organizations specializing in profitable business as new merchant.From the view of the legal nature,rural credit cooperatives are non-profitable which are essentially different from profitable ones.From the view of legal representatives'purposes,rural credit cooperatives are mutually beneficial and non-profit organization.In summary,the Chinese rural credit cooperatives have be dissimilated from the control of public authority and transformed into mutually beneficial and non-profit new merchants.They should not be extended to legal representatives of profit or charity,which is the necessary limitation.