论康德对自由的捍卫

On Kant's Defence of Freedom

《纯粹理性批判》中的第三个二律背反是康德自由问题的出发点,它揭示出纯粹理性在超出知性范围寻求无条件者时不可避免地陷入了自相矛盾。正是这种奇怪的现象惊醒了康德独断论的迷梦,使他将考察的重心转移到理性自身的批判上,借助于先验观念论来消除理性的这种矛盾。在康德的先验观念论中,自由一极的存在方式分为思辨领域的可能存在与实践领域的现实存在。在《实践理性批判》中,康德总结出捍卫自由的解决大纲,即自由的可能性论证与自由的实在性论证。经验性的品格和理知品格是自由的可能性论证的前提,理性的事实是自由的实在性论证的前提。思辨领域的表达式为:即便自然因果性为真,也可能存在自由。在实践领域,由于自由是道德律的必要条件,而道德律自身作为理性的事实,具有无可置疑的实在性,这就确立了自由的实在性。由于在实践领域演绎的自由与思辨领域悬拟的自由是同一个理念,因而思辨领域可能的自由就被断定下来,确实存在。至此,自由才在自然因果性的图景中得到捍卫。

Kant＇s defence of freedom originates from the third antinomy. To eliminate the oddity that reason contradicts itself, Kant provides an outline which divides the process of defending freedom into two phases, the first, the argument of the possibility of freedom, and the second, the argument of the reality of freedom. Due to the two characters, the idea of freedom is not eliminated by natural causality, but retaining possible existence. Thus freedom is established in practical realm resorting to the fact of reason. Kant＇s idea of defending freedom is as follows： if freedom exists,it will not conflict with natural causality; as it does exist, it shall coexist with natural causality.