靖国神社与国家神道

Yasukuni Shrine and State Shinto

幕府时代末期天皇政权在京都祭祀死难的维新志士,是为靖国祭祀之始;通过祭祀动员和利用宗教组织,以强化自己的传统权威和政治能量,也开创了"祭政合一"的政治范式。明治政权甫一成立,京都招魂社即迁入东京,成为坐落于东京九段的东京招魂社,即今天的靖国神社。自19世纪后半程至第二次世界大战结束的八十余年间,由于天皇制的不断强化,集体祭祀传统的神社神道和皇室神道结合起来,编造出国家宗教的国家神道,它强制要求国民无条件地忠诚国家的指导思想。而靖国神社作为天皇的神社和国家神道最重要的载体,在战争期间发挥了重要的精神功效。了解靖国神社与国家神道的历史与意识形态,有助于深化我们对日本近代历史的认识,对于防止日本保守势力重蹈历史覆辙也具有深刻的意义。

The Mikado enshrined those Revolution patriots of the Boshin War who fought and died to bring about the Meiji Restoration in Kyoto during the period of Bakumatsu. It was the beginning of sacrificing those people who fought for their country, and it also created the political model of the unity of sacrifice and politics. After Meiji regime created, the original Kyoto Shrine was moved to Tokyo and was named Tokyo Shokonsha, and then was renamed Yasukuni Shrine in 1879. The Mikado system was continuously strengthened from 1870s to the end of the Second World War. The traditional shrine Shinto and royal Shinto combined and created the State Shinto which forced people to be faithful to their national ideology unconditionally. As Mikado Shrine and the most important carrier of the State Shinto, Yasukuni shrine played an important spiritual role during the war. The history and ideology of Yasukuni Shrine and the State Shinto can help us deepen our understanding of Japanese modern history, and it is also important to prevent Japanese conservative forces from repeating its history.