少数民族“非遗”开发中利益分享制度的法律规制——基于贵州的田野调查

Laws and Regulations on the Benefit-Sharing System for Ethnic Minorities in Intangible Cultural Heritage Development:A Study Based on the Fieldwork in Guizhou Province

在贵州少数民族"非遗"开发中,存在着"公司+农户"、"工分制"、"民族文化保护奖金"等利益分享模式。有的模式考虑到了本社区、本民族的传统而效果较好,但部分模式却使"非遗"权利主体处于被动边缘地位,引发了少数民族的不满,影响了"非遗"的健康传承。在少数民族"非遗"大规模开发的情况下,需要对利益分享制度进行法律规制。应当根据不同类型的"非遗"开发模式,分别采取法律直接规定、合同协商、法律规定与村民自治相结合、现代公司模式等机制,并充分利用民族区域自治立法,来合理分配开发所产生的利益。

In the development of the intangible cultural heritage of ethnic minorities in Guizhou Province, there are such benefit-sharing models as company ＋ farmers, work points and national-culture protec- tion awards. Some of the models prove admirable as they take into consideration the local people＇ s tradi- tions; some others have, however, caused dissatisfaction, as local people have been either deprived of or ig- nored the rights and interests as ICH subjects. In the large-scale development of ethnic-minority ICH ele- ments, it is necessary to promulgate laws and regulations on the benefit-sharing system. In the light of different ICH development models, different systems should be adopted, including direct ruling by laws, contract-based negotiation, integration of legal terms and villagers＇ autonomy, and modem enterprise system. The legislative autonomy enjoyed by ethnic areas can also be used to distribute benefits of the development reasonably.