试析宋代滥用“内降”的弊端

Analysis of the Drawbacks of“Neijiang”in Song Dynasty

内降是帝王违背封建政府正常颁诏程序,直接由内宫下达给有关部门的行政命令。宋代内降不经审核监督,直接付外执行的特点,给社会生活带来了一系列弊端:首先它直接冲击着权力制约体系,使其丧失驳正救失、权力制衡的重要作用;在行政上,内降不利于作出正确的决策,容易导致政归幸门、号令数变以及官员怠职和素质低下;在军事上,内降缺乏实际的应变能力,钳制了军队作战,削弱了军事实力;在爵赏上,内降非次迁擢使恩赏制度失去了奖励功绩、选拔人才的重要作用,助长了侥幸贿赂之风;在司法上,内降法外开恩、引例破法,干涉司法审判,僭越法律条文;在财政上,内降恩泽使财政收入相对减少,开支日益扩大,老百姓生活也因此遭到压榨和侵扰。关键词:内降;滥用;

＂Neijiang＂ in Song Dynasty refers to the arbitrary executive commands which went against the normal edict proce- dure authorized by the feudal government and was transmitted to relevant departments directly by certain people serving the emperors. This kind of commands, which weren＇ t supervised but directly executed, brought about a series of negative effects on the society. First of all, it exerted a negative impact on the system of power restriction, making it lose the important function of correcting wrong decisions and restricting the abuse of powers. From the perspective of administration, ＂Neijiang＂ was harmful to the making of correct decisions, which would lead to the inconsistency of orders and policies, the failure of accomplishing tasks, officials＇ lack of the sense of responsibility, and the deterioration of their working styles. As to military, ＂Neijiang＂ was not flexible enough in practice and actually undermined the fighting abilities of the army. In terms of rewarding, ＂Neijiang＂, which promoted and diminished people suddenly, made the system of awarding talents and selecting competent people fail to function, and also increased the malpractice of bribing. From judicial perspective, ＂Neijiang＂ had a negative influence upon the judicial justice and made personal orders surpass the law and law less powerful and authoritative. From the perspective of finance, ＂Neijiang＂ reduced the financial revenue and increased the expenditures correspondingly, thus lowering down the living standards of the mass.