“诸夏不如夷狄”?——从《燕行录》看李氏朝鲜的“华夷情结”

“The Great Xia Is No Longer Ahead of Her Mini-Neighbors”? ——the “Hua-Yi” Complex of Lee Dynasty of Korea Reflected in “the Notes of Korean Envoys to Yanjing”

通过对《燕行录》的考察可见,明清易代后,朝鲜在"中国中心主义"的概念上主观地将"中华"与"满清"分离,在政治上视满清灭明为"夷狄攘中国"而继续认同前明旧制为正统;在文化上固守先王法服,视清国为"蛮貊之邦"而不无鄙夷。这其中既不乏遵奉正统的高傲正义感,又存对明亡的惋惜与对清兴的无奈,甚至还有着激进的民族主义情绪和略带矛盾的历史正义观。透过17世纪中叶至19世纪末期朝鲜燕行使者在中国的游历观感,不难发现朝鲜精英在文化与政治认同上的矛盾、复杂心理。朝鲜政治归属上的失落加深了其在文化上对胡风满俗的成见,而文化上的鄙夷又导致了他们与满清"蛮貊政治"渐行渐远。

'The Notes of Korean Envoys to Yanjing' shows that after the replacement of Ming Dinasty by Qing Korean Learned elites subjectively distinguished 'Chinese' and 'Qing' when facing the idea of 'Chinese Centralism'.They,regarding Qing’s victory over Ming as'‘Yidi’crushing China' refused to recognize the new Dynasty heartedly but kept loyal to Ming.They looked down upon Qing as a savage state and sticked to later Ming’s cultural traiditions.This embodied a complex of mixed proud feeling of justice and projudice,pity and helpness of Qing’s conquering Ming,and even a kind of national passion.The envoys’s knowledge and feeling from their travel in Yanjing clearly showed that Korean elites from middle 17th to the end of 19th century had difficulty both with political and cultural identity because of a complicated and contradictory sychology.The crises of political and cultural identity of Lee Dynasty of Korea lead to Korea’s departure from the'savage Qing' gradually.