生态社会主义“幸福”观探析

On Eco-Socialist Views of Happiness

生态社会主义(亦称"生态学马克思主义")是当代西方马克思主义的最新流派之一。它认为,以"消费主义"为特征的当代西方资本主义的主流幸福观是一种"他者性"的幸福观,不仅在质底上不能真正实现,而且还会造成个人人生意义的异化、社会生产目的与消费手段的异化、自然从生存根基到谋利工具的异化。据此,后资本主义的生态社会主义社会应改择马克思的"自由劳动"作为"自为性"幸福观的内容。其重要意义在于:在人与自身的关系上,个人只有选择了"自由劳动"的幸福观,才能克服"消费主义"所导致的幸福的异化;在人与社会的关系上,人们只有选择了"自由劳动"的幸福观,才能复归正常的"生产社会";在人与自然的关系上,人类只有选择了"自由劳动"的幸福观,才能从源头上解决生态问题。生态社会主义对"幸福"观所作的探讨,具有深远的理论意义与实践价值,但也存在着不可避免的历史性"困境"。这需要当代全体马克思主义者继续努力奋斗来加以"解困"。

Eco-socialism （ also known as ＂ecological Marxism＂ ） is one of the latest schools of contemporary Westem Marx- ism. According to the school, the concept of happiness held by the mainstream society of contemporary Western capitalism with ＂consumerism＂ as its characteristic is alienated happiness. Such kind of happiness cannot be realized in itself, but will lead to al- ienation of man, of meaning of life, of purpose of social production and means of consumption, and nature is alienated from sur- vival bases to profit-making tools. Accordingly, the eco-socialist society of post-capitalism should regard Marx＇ s ＂free labor＂ as the substance of happiness in itself. The significances lie in ： firstly, in terms of relationship between man and himself, happiness of ＂free labor＂ can overcome the alienation of happiness resulted from consumerism; secondly, in terms of relationship between man and society, happiness of ＂free labor＂ can lead back to the real purpose of social production ; thirdly, in terms of relation- ship between man and nature, happiness of ＂free labor＂ can solve ecological problems from the deep roots. The researches on eco -socialist happiness have far-reaching theoretical significance and practical value, and there inevitably exist some historical di- lemmas. It is necessary for contemporary Marxists to make persistent efforts to deal with the dilemmas.