门牌保甲与清代基层社会控制——以清代门牌原件为中心的考察

Control of Grass-roots Social with Men-Pai-Bao-Jia System in the Qing Dynasty: A Study Based on the Original Qing Doorplates

清代城乡人户悬挂于门首的门牌,不仅是一种户籍凭证,同时也是基层社会推行保甲制度的重要工具。它既与古时标写着"某宅"或"某寺(观)"的门匾不同,也与今日标写着"某路某号"以便拜访者查找的地址牌不同,有着特殊的形制和功能。无论从户籍制度、保甲体系还是日常生活方面来看,作为清代牌甲制度基础的门牌都有着重要的作用和意义。本文将结合清代官方史料、政书文献以及近年来国内出版的清代门牌原件资料,梳理清代门牌保甲制度的起源及其演变过程,并进一步探讨门牌保甲制度中所反映出来的基层社会控制理念。

The plate on the door of every household in the Qing Dynasty was not only a household-registration certificate,but also an important means of men-pai-bao-jia system,an administrative system based on every household.With its special function in administration and registration,the doorplate was nevertheless different both from the older one in which it only gave such information as 'whose mansion' and 'what temple',and from today's doorplate in which the street and the number can be told.Based on historical official documents of the Qing Dynasty and on the recent published literature of the Qing doorplates,this essay tries to scrutinize the history of men-pai-bao-jia system with a discussion on the significance of the social control of a grass-root kind embodied in the late Qing doorplates.