有机物料“差别堆腐”及其评价方法初探

Differential composting of organic material and its evaluation

为克服有机物料高温堆肥腐熟过程中存在的针对性差、过度腐熟和资源浪费等问题,进而解决目前堆肥腐熟指标与实际应用间存在脱节的现象,本文提出了有机物料"差别堆腐"概念及其判断方法,并提出相应判定标准及主要控制指标。通过大量文献资料的查阅,结合江苏省农业科学院农业废弃物资源化利用研究室开展的相关研究工作,对目前堆肥腐熟度采用的评价方法、判断标准进行讨论,并指出其存在问题,同时结合有机物料堆腐中的养分含量变化及损失,对不同堆腐时间有机物料施用的农学与改土培肥效应进行阐述。结果显示:有机物料好氧堆肥过程中,在达到无害化标准后,其物料腐熟程度,应依据堆肥施用目的与作物对象不同,而采取"差别堆腐";有机物料好氧堆肥达到无害化、初步腐熟、基本腐熟和完全腐熟后,其产物可分别作为土壤改良剂、较长生育期作物肥料、较短生育期作物肥料以及栽培基质施用;从企业生产实用性出发,堆肥积温可推荐作为腐熟程度判断的重要控制指标。采用差别化堆腐方式,可能是实现有机物料好氧堆肥中资源高效利用与低碳环保目标的有效途径。

Aiming at the poor pertinence, excessive maturity and resources wasting during organic material high-temperature eomposting process, and the disconnection between compost maturity index and practical application, this paper puts forward the concept of organic material differential composting and their judging standard. Differential composting is recommended according to the application purpose and the object crops of the compost during aerobic composting of the organic materials. After the compost went to the periods of harmlessness, initial maturity, maturity, and full maturity, it could be applied as soil conditioner, fertilizer for shorter-growth-period crops, fertilizer for longer-growth-period crops and cultivation matrix, respectively. The effective accumulated temperature during eomposting could be regarded as the major control indicator in practical production. Differential composting may realize efficient and environment-friendly utilization of resources in aerobic composting of organic material.