甘青地区青铜时代土洞墓的初步研究

Preliminary Research on Bronze Age Catacombs in Gansu-Qinghai Region

依据土洞墓墓道和墓室中轴线的关系,将土洞墓分为直线式、垂直式和平行式3型。在此基础上,考察了甘青地区青铜时代土洞墓的类型与分布。研究表明,在齐家文化晚期、四坝文化早期和卡约文化早期,土洞墓最为流行,主要属于平形式土洞墓,与新石器时代晚期主要流行直线式土洞墓形成鲜明对比。卡约文化早期之后,土洞墓在甘青地区迅速衰落,仅在辛店文化中有一定的保留。可能受辛店文化的影响,土洞墓在先周和西周文化中得以存在和发展;受周文化的影响,土洞墓终为秦人所吸收,并随着秦人势力的扩张而再次流行起来。

According to the relationship between ramp and central axis, catacombs in the Gansu - Qinghai region can be classified into three types： straight-line type, vertical type, and parallel type. Based upon this basic classification, the author explores the typology and distribution of various types of Bronze Age catacombs in this region. Results indicate that the catacombs became the most popular during the Late Qijia culture, Early Siba culture, and Early Kayue culture. Among them, parallel type is the major style, which is distinctively different from the scenario during the Late Neolithic time when the straight-line type dominated. After the Early Kayue culture, the customs of catacombs declined and went out of fashion quickly, though such practice still presented in the Xindian culture. The catacombs in Proto-Zhou and Western Zhou periods still continued to develop and might have been transmitted from the Xindian culture. Impacted by the Zhou culture, Qin peo- ple adopted the custom of using catacombs, which became prevalent again following the expansion of the Qin state.