北京地区辽代佛教综论——以石刻文字资料为中心

Review of Buddhism in Liao Dynasty in Beijing ——Based on Characters Inscribed on Stones

佛教盛行是辽代历史与文化的显著特色之一。北京地区为辽燕京所在地,不仅是辽朝的军事重镇兼经济中心,更是佛教文化中心,居于五京之首。北京地区现存的辽代石刻文字资料中,绝大多数为佛教遗留,数量众多,种类丰富,是研究辽燕京乃至辽朝全境佛教历史文化面貌的重要史料。辽燕京寺庙的兴修,从数量、规模和等级上来讲,都是继唐朝之后北京地区佛寺兴修的又一个高潮时期,尤以皇室建寺最具典型性。佛经刻印之事,《辽藏》的集结与刊行都是以辽燕京为中心的;云居寺石经长达数十年的镌刻,不仅保留了《辽藏》的全貌,还极大地推动了辽境佛教文化事业的深入发展,并促进了燕京地区印经、诵经风气的盛行。辽燕京的舍利信仰是北京历史上最为兴盛的时期,是僧徒信士虔心向佛之重要见证。辽代燕京经幢林立,陀罗尼石棺和墓志的瘗埋也颇具特色,是本地区陀罗尼信仰流行的重要表现。

The prosperity of Buddhism is one of the outstanding features in the history and culture in the Liao Dynasty.As the location of Liao,Yanjing,Beijing is considered as the head of all five capitals,which is not only a military and economy center,but also a center of Buddhism.The most part of inscribing characters on stones in Beijing now is left by Buddhism,and its great quantity and various categories make them become the most important materials in understanding and researching the historic and cultural circumstances of Buddhism in Yanjing,even all around Liao.Regarding to quantity,scale and grade,Liao Dynasty is another upsurge period after Tang Dynasty for the construction and decoration of temples in Yanjing as well as Beijing area,especially the typical royal temples.As the printing and inscribing of Buddhist scriptures,Liaozang was collected,printed and published centralized in Yanjing.With decades of inscribing,the stone scriptures in Yunju Temple not only keep the entire Liaozang,but also encourage the further development of Buddhism in culture of Liao,promoting the popularity of printing and chanting sutras in Yanjing area.The belief of Buddha relics in Liao,Yanjing stepped into its most thriving period in Beijing’s history and it’s also the testimony of the belief of monks and devotees.Even though there was forest of Buddhist stone inscriptions and pillars in Liao,Yanjing,the burry of Dharani sarcophagus and grave inscription also has its characters.