商周家族墓地出土族徽铜器与所见族氏结构

Bronzes with Clan Emblems from Shang and Zhou Clan Cemeteries and Clan Organization

本文通过梳理30处商周家族墓地出土族徽铜器材料,将族徽铜器墓葬分为单一族徽墓葬、复合族徽墓葬、混出族徽墓葬,进而将商周家族墓地分为单一族墓地、两族共用墓地、多族共用墓地三种类型,认为其所反映的族组织类型分为两种:一种为单一父系血缘团体,通常由两三代有近亲关系的几个核心家庭组成;另一种由二三个不同血缘的族氏组成,内部分为本族、分支、其他族氏三级结构。

After studying bronzes with clan emblems excavated from thirty clan cemeteries of the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the author divides the tombs into three groups： tombs with one emblem design, tombs with two emblem designs and tombs with more than two emblem designs. The cemeteries are categorized as well： cemeteries of one clan, cemeteries of two clans and cemeteries of more than two clans. There are two types of clan organization： clan group consisting of several core families with kinship and clan group consisting of two or three clans without blood relationship and divided into three levels.