试论民事诉讼中的勘验及我国立法完善

Civil Litigation Concerning the Inquest and Perfecting the Legislation

在民事诉讼中,勘验乃法官依自己五官之作用直接感知调查对象的外在性质或状态的证据调查方式,具有不同于其他类型的证据调查之构造。在大陆法系民事诉讼立法中,勘验是独立的证据类型。我国现行民事诉讼法将勘验作为法院调查不能由当事人转移占有的物证或现场的行为予以规范,不仅有违诉讼经济原则与直接原则,也有悖于证据法定的基本原理。物证与勘验实为同一证据之一体两面,根本不能割裂。应当将勘验作为真正的独立证据调查类型予以规范,并将勘验的对象扩张及于所有的物。物证仅为勘验标的物,勘验笔录仅为固定与保存勘验结果的方式而不再具有独立的证据类型的意义。

In the civil lawsuit,an inquest is an evidence survey method which the judge perceives directly the external properties from his facial features.It has different structures of investigation from other types of evidence.In continental law,an inquest is independent type of evidence.China’s current civilian law holding an inquest as court survey cannot transfer the possession of the material evidence or regulate the behaviors.This is not only against litigation economy principle and direct principle but also against the basic principle of legal evidence.Physical evidence and inquest are actually the two sides of the same evidence.Physical evidence is only the subject matter of inquest,and the records of inspection is only the way to fix and preserve inquest results and no longer have meaning of independent evidence types.