从帝国到民国嬗替之际国家观念的变迁

The Changes of State Concepts During the Transitional Period from Empire to Republic

我国在清末民初经历了从传统国家观念到现代国家观念的转型。孙中山就任临时大总统的誓词与宣统帝颁布的《清帝逊位诏书》体现了革命派、清廷与立宪党人三方都能认可的某些政治共识,体现了三方对现代国家意识的接纳与认同,确认以"中华民国"为国号,确认了从传统专制国家到现代民主国家的转轨,表明了国家权力应该从皇帝向国民转移且这种变革是出于民心、民生的考量,表明了鼎革之际保持国家领土完整的愿望与意志。民国元年,原先主张"民主立宪"的孙中山与主张"君主立宪"的袁世凯、立宪派在"共和立宪"上达成妥协,但暂时的妥协很快被打破,袁世凯等帝制派由"共和立宪"退而为"君主立宪",革命党人由"共和立宪"进而为"民主立宪",梁启超等一部分立宪党人(康有为、杨度等转向了帝制派)始终坚持了"共和立宪"。从清末到民初,在政体国体问题上帝制派的变化过程是君主立宪——共和立宪——君主立宪,孙中山的心路历程是民主立宪——共和立宪——民主立宪,而梁启超等的演进轨迹是君主立宪——共和立宪——共和立宪。清末民初国家观念的变迁轨迹还可归纳为:从汉族国家观念到中华民族国家观念,从颠覆君主专制到重建政治共同体,从打破大一统到维护国家统一,从针砭专制禁锢之下的臣民到呼唤适应现代政体的国民。

China underwent the transition from traditional state concepts to modern state ones in the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic.Recognizing the Republic of China as the title of the regime,confirming the transition from the traditional despotism to a modern democratic state,making it known that out of consideration of the popular feelings and the people’s livelihood,the state power should be shifted from an emperor to the people.Expressing their wish and will of defending territorial integrity,the oath declared when Sun Yat-sen assumed the temporary presidency and the Imperial Abdication Edict of the Qing Dynasty issued by Emperor Xuantong,all reflect some common political sense shared by the revolutionaries,the Qing Court and the constitutional innovationists,embodying their acceptance and identity of modern state concept.In the first year of the Republic,Sun Yat-sen and Yuan Shikai compromised with each other on ＂constitutionality by republicanism＂.However,the temporary compromise was soon broken.From the end of the Qing to the dawn of the Republic,the monarchists changed their views on constitution from ＂constitutionality by monarchy＂ to ＂constitutionality by republicanism＂ and then again to ＂constitutionality by monarchy＂,while Sun Yat-sen’s thought was from ＂constitutionality by republicanism＂ to ＂constitutionality by democracy＂.The changing of state concept underwent the transition from overturning the monarchic despotism to reconstructing the political commonwealth.