治理集体产权:农村社区建设中的政府与农民

Governing Collective Property Rights:the Government and Peasants in the Construction of Rural Chinese Community

近年来,作为中央和地方政府致力推进的一项重要工作,农村社区建设被赋予了很高的价值和期望,得到愈加广泛的关注。特别是农村社区建设所带来的村庄空间格局、村民居住环境以及生产生活方式的变化,引发了社会和学界的诸多争论,不同地区的农民对此也持有不同的意见和态度。在历时数年全国性实证调查的基础上,本文从村庄产权治理的角度考察并讨论了农民态度差异性的原因及其演进逻辑。本文认为,社区制取代村委会制是当前中国农村社会结构的根本性变革,而其中最重要的在于以村庄土地集体所有制为基础的社区产权的深刻变化。正是由于在这种制度变革中,各地政府对农民的宅基地、耕地以及村集体资产的产权关系,采取不同的治理政策措施,导致各地农民群体极具差异性的态度反应和行动选择。而这些蕴含不同意义的态度和行为,反过来又成为政府推进农村社区建设和乡村发展的动力或阻力。实践证明,地方政府愈能细化和规范农民的产权边界,满足并维护农民的合理收益,愈能获得其认同和支持,地方政府的发展目标就愈能顺利实现。可以预见的是,乡村集体产权的改革与变迁,正在重新构建农民与集体、政府之间的权利关系,也将对乡村社区组织和权力结构发挥重要的影响。

in recent years, the rural community construction, as an important work both the central and local governments are committed to promote, has been endowed with high value and expectations and received more widespread concern. Especially the changes of village space pattern, villagers living environment, as well as the way of living and producing brought by the rural community construction arose many arguments for social and academic society, and peasants from different regions hold different opinions and at titudes towards this. On the basis of the longtime nationwide empirical study, this pa per discusses the reasons and evolution logic for the different attitudes peasants hold from the perspective of the village property management. This paper argues that the community system which displaces the village committee system is a fundamental change in China＇s current rural social structure, and one of the most important lies in the pro found changes for community property on the basis of collective ownership of village land. The reason for quite difference attitudes and action selections for various regions is mainly for local governments taking unlike policies and measures in face of peasants＇ land, cultivated land and village collective assets property relations in beforementioned institutional change. However, these attitudes and behaviors which contain different meanings in turn become the impetus or resistance in promoting the construction of rural community and rural development. Practice has proved that, the better the local govern ment can refine and regulate the peasants＇ property rights, meet and maintain the peasants＇ reasonable earnings, the more recognition and support from peasants can get, thus the more smoothly the target of local government can be realized. Predictably, the reform and change of rural collective property is reconstructing the right relations among peasantcollectivegovernment, it will also create significant influences on rural commu nity organizations and power structure.