政治与美国联邦的司法独立——从最高法院大法官人数的变化开始的讨论

Politics and Federal Judicial Independence of America —— Discussions Beginning with the Number - Changing of Supreme Court Justice

在1789年美国联邦司法体制初创时,最高法院大法官人数为六人,杰斐逊时期增加到七人,林肯时期扩至十人,约翰逊时期被减少为七人,格兰特时期最终固定为九人,罗斯福新政时期一度计划增加到十五人。大法官人数的变化反复,影响了最高法院的司法倾向和司法实践,体现了美国党派和部门政治在司法领域的延续和反映,也折射出了最高法院的政治特征。

The U. S. Supreme Court consisted of six justices during the establishment of the federal judicial system,of seven justices in the presidency of Jefferson,of ten justices in the presidency of Lincoln,nine justices in the presidency of Grant,and of fifteen justices in Roosevelt’s reform proposals of Supreme Court in 1937. The number - changing of Supreme Court justice affected judicial tendencies and practices of Supreme Court,reflected American political developments and conflicts in the judiciary field,and showed the Supreme Court’s political characteristic.