从抽象到具体:马克思主义文论的思想路径

The Intellectual Trajectory of Marxist Literary Theory from Abstraction to Concreteness

马克思从来没有把文学艺术看做是孤立的现象,他在考察文学现象时与考察其他社会现象有着大体一致的思维方法或思想路径——从抽象到具体。这一方法在文学上主要表现在:首先,作家们应该以历史的观点去观察时代和社会,创造出足以体现时代趋势和社会本质的典型人物形象;其次,在具体写作中,要"莎士比亚化",不要"席勒式"地把人物形象变成时代精神的单纯的传声筒。当然,马克思主义文论并不是片面强调"抽象"和"具体"的某一个方面,而是希望这两者在具体作品中能达到有机融合和辩证统一。

Marx did not take literature and art as isolated phenomena but approached literary phenomena with roughly the same way of thinking as he investigates other social phenomena. The general intellectual trajectory in his investigation followed the path from abstraction to concreteness, which exhibited in literary studies as the following three aspects. First, writers should observe the society and its age from historical point of view, and create typical character reflecting tendency of the age and social nature. Secondly, characterization in writings should demonstrate Shakespeare＇ s realism instead of Schiller＇ s method so as to avoid turn- ing the character into a mere mouthpiece of the spirit of the time. Marxist literary theory is not partial emphasis on some aspect of abstraction and concreteness, but promotes organic integration and dialectic unity of the two.