基于生物降解性分析的泡沫灭火剂配方体系研究

Study of the dispensation formula of fire-extinguishing foam based on the biodegradability analysis

根据相关研究结果,结合泡沫灭火剂领域对于发泡剂组分的一般要求,对泡沫灭火剂配方体系中常用发泡剂生物降解性进行评价分析。结果表明,直链型硫酸盐和磺酸盐阴离子表面活性剂、烷基甜菜碱和酰胺基甜菜碱两性表面活性剂以及烷基糖苷非离子表面活性剂适宜用作发泡剂。此外,对除发泡剂以外的其他各类功能助剂进行生物降解性能分析、筛选的结果表明,作为促流动剂的氟表面活性剂普遍难以降解,醇、醚类助溶剂则普遍具有良好的生物降解性能,其他领域提出的适宜生物降解的润湿剂、防腐剂和抗溶剂均适用于泡沫灭火剂配方体系。同时,进一步提出泡沫灭火剂生物降解性能评价所应遵循的基本程序,探讨不同评价方法、受试物质量浓度和组成成分对泡沫灭火剂生物降解性能评价的影响,提出基于生物降解性分析是新型泡沫灭火剂研究开发的重要原则。

This paper would like to present our study results on the dispensation formula of fire-extinguishing foam based on the experimental data on biodegradability of firefighting foam ingredients in literature both at home and abroad and our biodegradability comparison and analysis. Our careful analysis of the biodegradability of fire-extinguishing foam ingredients shows that the straight chain sulfate and sulfonate anionic surfactant, alkyl betaine, amide betaine amphoteric surfactant and the non-ionic surfactants of alkyl glycoside are all high-surface active and high in biodegradation rate, which implies that they can all be used as desirable foaming agent in preparing fire-extinguishing foam. Due to the broad use of fire-extinguishing foam, there exist great potential risks for large amount release of the foam ingredients in the environment, which has brought us about the urgent need for analyzing and screening of the biodegradability of such foams by means of other functional aids. The results of our screening experiments and the related analysis show that it is usually difficult to biodegrade such fire-extinguishing foam ingredients except for the fluorine surface active agents, the alcohols and ethers used as cosolvent in the foam. To increase the biodegradability, we have also studied the biodegradable wetting agent, the preservative and alcohol resistant agent in the related areas and in turn introduced the screening procedure of biodegradability of the foams. Through a careful study of the limited research materials and findings abroad, we have also explored and examined different kinds of firefighting foams with different biodegradability. As a result, we have found that there are many factors affecting the screening of the foam biodegradability. For the same substance, different evaluation methods, testing indexes, concentrations of the testing substances tend to lead to different results. Therefore, the biodegradation should be taken as a key factor to the development of the up-to-date firefighting foam products.