出土秦汉户籍简的类别及登记内容的演变

The Evolution of Category and Contents of Unearthed Qin-Han Bamboo Slips about Household Register Management

里耶户籍简的著录沿袭的是秦献公创制户籍制度以来的旧制,登记内容并不包括年龄、财产之类的内容。秦王政十六年(前231)"初令男子书年"以后,男子以及家口的年龄始书于户籍以外的"年籍",即张家山汉简《户律》的"年细籍"。汉初的"户籍"可分为广义的户籍(包括宅园户籍、年细籍、田比地籍、田命籍、田租籍)和狭义的户籍(宅园户籍)两大类。其中,"宅园户籍"登录的内容包括户主及家庭人口、奴婢以及房屋、家畜等,但不包括田地,属于家口与财产的合籍。秦及汉初国家在乡里设置平行的两套管理机构乡部和田部,这是造成户籍类别繁复的原因之一。汉武帝以后,乡里职事从简,田部省置,宅园户籍与年细籍合并,户籍开始作为一个整词应用,即狭义上的户籍。

The record of bamboo slips of Liye （里耶） about household register management followed the old systems which King Xian of Qin State （秦宪公） established. The contents of register did not include age, property and so on. In the sixteenth years （B. C. 231 ） of King Zheng of Qin State （秦王政）, men and their family＇s age were required to be registered on the ＂Age Register Book＂ （年籍）, which was ＂Nianxi Register Book＂ （年细籍） of Household Registration Law （户律） in Han bamboo slips of Zhangjiashan （张家山）, rather than on the household register. The ＂Household Register＂ （ 户籍） of early Han Dynasty can be divid- ed into two parts. It includes Residence register book （宅园户籍）, Nianxi register book （年细籍）, Tian- ming register book （ 田比地籍）, Tianming register book （田命籍） and Farm rent register book （田租籍） in a broad sense. The Household Register refers to residence register in a narrow sense, which include householder and family, slaves, house and domestic animals, but not including land. The government established two sets of parallel management mechanism at town, namely Xiang agency （ 乡部） and Tian agency （田部） and that is one of the reasons why the category of household register is so complicated. After King Wu of Han Dynasty, the responsibility of town government was simplified, Tian agency was dismissed. The Residence register book and Nianxi register book were combined. The word of ＂household register＂ became single, which was defined narrowly.