论宋代地方政治中的“上交谄”和“足上供”现象

A Discussion on Phenomenon of “Fawning on the Superior” and “Meeting the Superior's Property Demand” in the Local Politics of Song Dynasty

唐末五代藩镇割据的前车之鉴,使赵宋王朝对中央集权高度重视。将其置于关系国家长治久安的政治高度,更促成了中央集权等级授职体制在宋代的空前强化。在此体制下,地方官员的权力来自中央的授予,升迁降黜也由中央决定。在切身利益的驱使下,向皇帝、中央政府和官员负责,满足中央政府和官员的非理和非法需要,成为宋代地方官员主要的从政经。伴随着等级授职制的强化,在地方政府内部亦如是。下级官员不尽心地方政务,而以"上交谄"和"足上供"讨好上级为要务。剥下媚上,以图宠擢,成为各级地方官员为政的常态。地方政治中的"上交谄"和"足上供"之风,不仅令地方政风败坏,地方百姓受难,也给赵宋王朝的统治带来了隐患。中央政府对此也时或加以修正遏制,但终究无法根除。

Song Dynasty paid great attention to centralization that was regarded as the guarantee of the lasting political stability which made the system of appointing official positions according to order and degree under centralization be strengthened unprecedentedly. Under this system local officials were appointed by the central government. Driven by their vital interests the local officials devoted themselves to being responsible for emperor and central government, meeting the irrational needs of high authorities. With the intensification of this system, there emerged the same situation within the local governments. Lower officials made their efforts in fawning on higher officials, rather than trying their best to serve the local government affairs. These made the local politics more corrupt, and the local common people suffered a lot, meanwhile, the bad administrative style harmed the reign of Song Dynasty. The central government wanted to correct and contain the political defects sometimes, but could not do away with it thoroughly.