从《尚书·盘庚》看殷代的“德”观念

A Research on the Concept of “De” (德) in Yin Dynasty Based on “Shangshu·Pangeng” (《尚书·盘庚》)

尽管最可信的商代文献《尚书.盘庚》篇中出现了十个"德"字,但多数学者都认为"德"字乃至德观念应当是周代新创,并对周代的"德"观念给予了较多的关注。商代的甲骨文中的"徝"即为"德"字前身,符合汉字的演进规律,其内涵与周代的"德"字也存在着千丝万缕的联系。殷商时代就已经存在着"德"观念,《盘庚》篇十"德"的主要意蕴尚处在其原始义——行为的阶段,并包含了王德、臣德和民德三个层次,而周代的更为理性"德"是对殷代的"德"观念进行扬弃的结果。

Although the character ＂De＂ （德, virtue） appeared ten times in ＂Shangshu · Pangeng＂ （ 《尚书·盘庚》 ） , which is the most credible literature of Shang Dynasty, most scholars hold the opinion that the character ＂De＂ and even the concept of ＂De＂ originate from Zhou Dynasty, and give more attention to the concept of ＂ De＂ of Zhou Dynasty. The predecessor of ＂ De＂ is ＂Zhi＂ （徝） in the Shang oracle bones, which conforms to the evolution of Chinese characters. The connotation of ＂Zhi＂ is inextricably linked with that of the character ＂ De＂ of Zhou Dynasty. It proves that the concept of ＂De＂ has already existed in Shang Dynasty. The implication of ＂De＂ in ＂Pangeng＂ mainly refers to its original meaning - the behavior stage, which includes three levels： ＂Wang De＂ （王德, virtue of king）, ＂Chen De＂ （臣德, virtue of minister） and ＂Min De＂ （ 民德, virtue of civilian）. ＂De＂ of Zhou Dynasty is more rational, which is the result of sublaring the concept of ＂De＂ of Yin Dynasty.