从饮酒看晚唐五代宋初敦煌佛教的世俗化——以S.6452—3、S.6452—5号文书为中心的考察

Secularization of Dunhuang Buddhism in the Late Tang Dynasty,the Five Dynasties and the Early Song Dynasty in Terms of Alcoholic Beverage Drinking——An Investigation Mainly Based on S.6452-3 and S.6452-5 Documents

由吐蕃占领和统治所造成的佛教戒律松弛的问题,一直到晚唐五代北宋初年依然没有解决,诸如饮酒、食肉、蓄奴、敛财,甚至是娶妻等违反释门戒律的行为,普遍存在于其时的敦煌佛教界。除了削发、着僧衣、吃斋、念佛等例行功课外,僧侣的生活方式几与俗世民众没有差别,过着一种出家而又不离家、是僧而又非僧的世俗生活。以酒戒而言,晚唐五代北宋初年的敦煌诸寺非但没有受到酒戒的约束,反而呈现愈发松弛的态势。僧侣普遍饮酒正可视为晚唐五代北宋初年敦煌佛教界世俗化倾向的明显表征,S.6452—3、S.6452—5号文书所反映的北宋初年净土寺常住酒库酒水支出帐目,则为我们提供了这方面的第一手资料。

The problems of slack Buddhist disciplines caused by Tubo occupation and rule, such as alcohol drinking, eating meat, owning slaves, accumulating wealth, and even marrying wives, which existed widely in the current Buddhist world of Dunhuang, remained unsolved till the times of the late Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the early North Song Dynasty. In those days, besides such conventional practices as tonsuring the head, dress- ing in the monk＇ s robe, reading the Buddhist sutras and the like, the monks led a semi-Buddhist and semi-secular and priestly and non-priestly life, which made little difference from secular masses. For the discipline of alcohol drinking, the temples around Dunhuang were not restrained by the discipline but tended to become slacker. The popularity of alcohol drinking among monks can be regarded as a prominent feature of the Buddhist world of Dun- huang＇ s secularizing tendency in the historical period of the late Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the early North Song Dynasty. The account of expenditure in alcoholic beverage in the Temple of Pure Land in the early North Song Dynasty, which was recorded in Documents S. 6452 -3 and S. 6452 -5, offers the primary sources for such a practice.