从《封禅书》管窥司马迁鬼神观之进步性

On the Progress of Sima Qian's Ghosts and Gods View from Sacrificial Ceremonies

《史记·封禅书》可谓司马迁鬼神观念的集大成,在神鬼之事的记载中又展现出质疑与反思,具有相当的合理性和进步意义,主要包括三个方面:对神仙方术的尽情揭底与讥嘲;崇神鬼与重人事互为表里;重仪式意义而轻神道目的。这种局限中不失进步的鬼神观直承了先秦文化传统尤其是儒家文化的精义,又与司马迁个人广博深邃的史学眼光和沟通天人的创作动机分不开。

The ＂Sacrificial Ceremonies＂ in Historical Records can be seemed the main fruit of Sima Qian＇ s ghosts and gods view, and the appearance of question and reflection during recording stories about ghosts and gods is provided with rationality and progressive significance, which can be divided into three sides： the immortal art revealed and mocked; glorifying ghosts and gods combined with taking reality seriously; formality paid much attention but despised ghosts ideology. This limited but improved ＇ ghosts and gods＇ theories not only inheriting Pre-Qin cultural tradition and Confucius culture, but being related with Sima Qian＇ s historic insight-ability and inventing motivations.