马克思公共性思想初探——基于阿伦特、哈贝马斯和罗尔斯的比较视角

On Karl Marx's Public Concept——Based on a Comparison Perspective from Hannah Arendt,Juergen Habermas and John Rawls

阿伦特、哈贝马斯和罗尔斯使得"公共性"成为重要的哲学范畴。哈贝马斯的公共舆论和罗尔斯的公共理性,是马克思曾经主张过而后又扬弃的一种思想,而阿伦特的公共性主张与马克思的思想因为都关涉人的生存危机,因而具有更多的"亲近性"。但是,马克思寻求的是人的解放以及由此所要求的社会解放,即把社会从资本的支配下解放出来,实现共产主义社会。共产主义社会是人与人之间、个人与联合体之间共享自由发展的社会。这种主体间的相互共享性即公共性。马克思所主张的公共性,从根本上说指的就是共产主义社会中普遍存在的相互自由和共享发展的公共的社会关系。共产主义社会的实现一方面取决于社会历史发展本身的进程,另一方面也取决于广大无产者形成公共的阶级意识,从而组织成为无产阶级来意识和行动。无产阶级政治的前提就是无产者通过公共的阶级意识形成政治的无产阶级。

Thanks to the efforts of Hannah Arendt, Juergen Habermas and John Rawls, the term ＂the public＂ has become an important philosophical category. As a matter of fact Habermas＇s notion of public opinion and Rawls＇s view of public reason had been an idea claimed and sublated afterwards by Karl Marx. Arendt＇s concept of the public, however, bears more affinity with Marx＇s thought in that both express concerns over the survival crisis of the human beings. However, what Marx seeks is human emancipation and social liberation, that is, freeing the society from the control of the capital, thus establishing a communist society, where individuals and the community share free development. The mutual sharing aspect of inter-subjectivity is understood to be the public. The concept of public advocated by Marx is basically a public social relation existing widely in the communist society, characterized by mutual freedom and mutual development. The realization of the communist society, on the one hand, depends on the process of the social and historical development itself and on the other hand lies with the proletarians＇ public class consciousness, which leads to organized proletariat class consciousness and actions. A prerequisite for proletariat politics is the making of a political working class by proletarians through achieving public class consciousness.