戴震与全祖望的又一桩学术疑案

Another Academic Mystery regarding Dai Zhen and Quan Zuwang

方以智的《通雅》,《四库提要》评价是一部"考据精核"的著作,在明代考证家中"卓然独立",清代的考据学因此"沿波而起"。然而乾嘉考据学派的代表人物却很少称引。戴震的《声韵考》只字不提,却突出地征引了其子方中履的著作。这些内容竟是《通雅》中的学术要点。如此不合著述征引文献常理的现象,证明戴氏对《通雅》有所忌讳,同时又显露了对其关注和欣赏的心理。全祖望在《经史问答》中批评《通雅》"不能审别伪书","所引多无稽",对其产生了明显的负面影响。乾嘉时代的学人视伪书如仇。征引伪书为学者大忌。《通雅》留下了硬伤,理应被学人轻视。这就是梁启超难以索解的"乾嘉诸老"为什么"很少征引"、"很少称道"《通雅》的真正原因。戴震碍于全氏之说,不满其偏激之评,又出于对乡贤的爱护和对自身的保护,于是才有迂回征引而传扬方氏学术之举,并因此影响其弟子以及学人的著述,形成了乾嘉前后学术界对《通雅》征引冷热不均的极大反差现象。

In The General Catalogue for the Complete Library in Four Divisions , the famous encyclopedic work General Learning (Tong Ya) by Fang Yizhi was praised as a work with accurate textual research , and which was an outstanding work representing the textual research of the Ming Dynasty.The work Textual Research on Phonology (Sheng Yun Kao) by Dai Zhen barely mentions this book , yet prominently cited the work of Fang Zhonglv , Fang Yizhi's son.The research Dai Zhen cited was precisely the contents of Tong Ya.Such nonstandard citation practices indicate that Tong Ya was somehow a taboo for Dai Zhen , but that he still studied and appreciated the book.In The Interlocution on Classics and History (Jing Shi Wen Da), Quan Zuwang criticized Tong Yaas saying it 'could not examine books of dubious authenticity', and 'its citations were mostly unfounded' .Such a poor appraisal had a negative impact on the book's reputation.The scholars in the reign of Qianlong and Jiaqing passionately condemned books of dubious authenticity,and it would be taboo to cite those books.That is most likely the reason that the scholars of the Qianlong and Jiaqing periods seldom cited or praised Tong Ya.Dai Zhen was dissatisfied with Quan Zuwang's extreme comments,and out of respect for Fang Yizhi,who was from the same area as Dai Zhen,and for the sake of academic integrity,Dai continued to pass on Fang's academic work through circuitous citation,thus influencing his disciples and other scholars.This was also a reason for the great discrepancy in how Tong Ya was perceived and received in the academic world before and after the Qian-Jia period.