敦煌石窟覆斗顶的考古学观察(上)——覆斗顶非模仿斗帐

Archaeological Research of the Truncated Pyramidal Ceiling of Dunhuang Caves (Ⅰ) :The Truncated Pyramidal Ceiling is not an Imitation of Hanging Curtains

敦煌石窟中覆斗顶窟是唯一贯穿敦煌石窟营建始终且数量最多的石窟形制。有学者据《释名》"形如覆斗"的相关记载及有关考古资料提出"覆斗顶窟模仿斗帐"说。本文认为以现代考古学中"覆斗"一词定义对应《释名》中"覆斗"释读有误。首先,该词"覆"乃覆盖而非倒置;其次汉代没有口大底小之斗。各类文物资料表明古代不惟斗帐,凡帷帐均无"覆斗顶",因而"覆斗顶窟模仿斗帐"说不能成立。此外,本文对该说所涉具体问题亦作解析。

The truncated pyramidal ceiling is the only kind of cave architecture that was adopted through the construction history of Dunhuang caves and accounts for the majority. Some scholars have put forward the opinion that this form imitated the tent ceiling according to the records of ＂like an inverted dou＂ in Shiming （Explanations of Appellations） . This paper makes the case that it is not right to connect the definition of ＂truncated pyramid ceiling＂ in modem archaeology with the explanation of ＂inverted dou＂ in Explanations of Appellations.First, the word ＂fu＂ means ＂covering＂ instead of ＂being inverted; ＂ second, there was no such dou with a small bottom and a broad top in the Han dynasty. All kinds of cultural relics as well as relevant information suggests that neither the bed curtains nor any hanging curtain had the top like the ＂inverted top＂, so the above-mentioned opinion is no longer tenable. This paper also deals with the exact problems about the opinion.