期望差异:危机中的风险沟通障碍

Expectation Discrepancy: Risk Communication Barriers in Disaster

期望差异效应指同一情境中各方期望之间的差异所导致的人际冲突。期望差异,包含维度和程度差异两个成分,不可避免且不易为个体所察觉,还可能在群体环境中被强化;在危机情境下,期望差异与风险沟通障碍之间极易形成恶性循环。个体的角色、对信息的知觉、所具有的知识在维度上;心理权利、信任在程度上会对期望差异产生影响并导致沟通障碍。打破思维定势能有效减小期望差异并启动风险沟通的良性循环,在危机管理中具有重要意义。

Expectation discrepancy effect refers to a kind of interpersonal conflict resulting from a discrepancy of expectations between multiple sides within the same situation. Expectation discrepancy contains two components： dimension and degree. With its inevitability and imperceptibility, expectation discrepancy could be strengthened in groups. In disaster situations, it is likely to form a vicious cycle between expectation discrepancy and risk communication barriers. Factors such as the roles of individuals, perception of information, and existing knowledge would affect the dimension component, while factors such as psychological entitlement, and trust would affect the degree dimension. Both of the two dimensions lead to risk communication barriers. Breaking up mindsets could effectively reduce expectation discrepancy and start a positive cycle of risk communication, which is of great importance in disaster management.