基于双加工理论解释下信念偏差效应的神经机制

Neural Mechanisms of the Belief-bias Effect Based on Dual Process Theories

信念偏差效应是指人们已有的知识信念对逻辑推理的影响现象。对此,双加工理论认为这是由于信念偏向系统和逻辑分析系统之间的冲突所导致的。近年来,该理论得到来自认知神经科学证据的有力支持:一方面,基于功能磁共振成像(fMRI)、近红外光谱(NIRS)以及重复性经颅磁刺激(rTMS)等技术的研究从不同角度证实右侧前额皮层与信念偏差抑制有关;另一方面,基于脑电(ERP)的研究表明,晚期正成分和晚期负成分可能参与了不同推理类型下信念偏差效应的认知加工。未来的研究可以从工作记忆、不同加工阶段、推理前提本身可信度、实验分析、实验材料生态学效度以及思维训练等方面对信念偏差效应作进一步探索。

The belief bias effect refers to a phenomenon that the performance of participants in a logical reasoning task is influenced by their prior beliefs. As dual process theory as＇sumes, this effect is based on the conflict between the belief system and the analytic system. Recent studies from cognitive neuroscience have provided strong evidence for this view. Specifically, on the one hand, neuroimaging studies （in which from varied perceptive） using functional magnetic resonance imaging （fMRI）, near-infrared spectroscopy （NIRS）, and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation （rTMS） have demonstrated that the inhibition of belief-bias is associated with increased activation of the right prefrontal cortex （PFC）. On the other hand, studies using event-related potentials （ERPs） have found that some ERP components （e.g., late positive component and late negative component） were associated with the cognitive process of belief-bias effect in different reasoning types. Further studies should be concerned with the following aspects： working memory, different stages of processing, believability of premises, analysis of experiment, ecological validity of the materials, thinkinz training, and so on.