论“卫生”在晚清的含义——以《卫生学问答》与《中外卫生要旨》为中心

On the Meaning of "Hygiene" in the Late Qing Dynasty——Hygiene Q & A and Chinese and Foreign Hygiene Gist as an Example

在19世纪之前,卫生与养生为同义词,皆指通过调摄身心以求健康长寿。传统养生通过对心神、起居、饮食等生活各方面的调理,祛除疾病,保护生命。到了19世纪中叶,在西欧的工业化国家中,现代卫生文明观念确立起来并传入中国。卫生一词作为Hygiene的中文翻译,拥有了新的内涵。最初文人士大夫们基于养生的理论理解和接受了西方个人卫生的一些理论与方法,在最初阶段,卫生一词含义相当模糊,并未脱离养生范围,这一现象在《卫生学问答》和《中外卫生要旨》中有集中表现。

Before the 19th century, hygiene and health have the same meaning in order to live a long life. In the middle of the 19th century, modern civilized idea of hygiene was established in the industrialized countries of the Western Europe, so hygiene had a new meaning in China. In the beginning some scholars understood the Western theory and way of hygiene on the basis of traditional Chinese health, so the mean- ing of ＂hygiene＂ was not clear, which was reflected in the two books of Hygiene Q ＆ A and Chinese and Foreign Hygiene Gist.