北宋前期中书宰辅在政令颁行中的权力运作

The Operation of Power in Decree Performance by ZhongShu ZaiFu in Early Northern Song Dynasty

北宋元丰改制以前,宋廷以"中书门下"作为宰相机构,即中央政府,主管全国的民政事务,与主管军政的枢密院,号称"二府"。"中书门下"以同平章事和参知政事为正副长官,在国家政务决策与运作中发挥了重要作用。随着宋朝政令颁行制度的建立与不断规范,中书宰辅的权力得到制约,然而,由于宰辅员任、个性、工作态度及与皇帝亲疏关系的不同,某些宰辅不断突破制度约束,在制敕文书的起草、颁降过程中试图掌握主动权,并直接运用堂帖、札子等处理政务,以此扩充中书宰辅的权力及影响。这些因素决定了政令运行的实际曲线。

Before Yuanfeng＇ s reform in the Northen Song Dynasty, ＂ ZhongShu MenXia＂ was the organization of prime ministers which functioned as the central government in charge of the country＇s civil affairs, together with the Privy Council as the headquarters of military, known as ＂the two governments. ＂ ZhongShu MenXia, with Tong Ping Zhang Shi and Can Zhi Zheng Shi as deputy executives, played an important role in decision-making and operation of the national government. With the enactment and the standardization of the decrees the powers of the ZhongShu was constrained, but because the different staffs of the prime minister, his personality, work attitude and the different affinities with the emperor, some Prime ministers continued to break through the system constraints in order to get the initiative during the drafting, enactment of the decrees so as to expand their own power and influence.