跌宕的百年:现代教科书发展回顾与展望

A Tempestuous Century:Scan the Development of Modern Textbooks

我国现代意义的教科书发展历程,可以1949年为界,分成两大阶段。1949年前教科书的发展,大致分为西式教科书的引进（19世纪60年代～19世纪末）、自编教科书的兴起与繁荣（19世纪末～20世纪初）、教科书的兴盛与规范化（20世纪初～1926年）、多种政治制度并存下的教科书发展（1927-1949年）等4个阶段。这期间,出现了教科书发展史上的一段黄金时期。1949年后,可以划分为教科书全面统一与规整、十年＂文革＂教科书、改革开放后的教科书发展等3大阶段。大体上这是迈向一个多样化的时代。展望21世纪,现代教科书正进入后现代教科书发展阶段。它有3个体现：其一是教科书形式的革新。在传统的纸质教科书的基础上,开始出现电子教科书。其二是教科书性质的变化。教科书纯知识的传播价值将弱化,非知识的如创造力、情感、价值观等素养的培育将在教科书中日益突显。其三是教科书意义的变化。教科书的标准性和权威性将被大幅度瓦解。

The development of Chinese modem textbook can be divided into two periods, before 1949 and after 1949. The first period includes four stages, which are ＂introducing western textbook＂ （from 1860＇s to the late 19th century）, ＂the initial and growing of self-created textbook＂ （from the late 19th century to the early 20th century）, ＂the prosperous and standardization of textbook＂ （from the early 20th century to 1926） , and the development under the coexistence of multiple political institutions （1927-1949）. They compose the golden age for Chinese textbook development. After 1949, Chinese textbook experienced three key stages, which are the unifying stage of textbook, the ten years＇ Cultural Revolu- tion stage, and the developing stage lunched by ＂the reform and the open policy＂ . The ganeml textbook developing tends to diversity. As the 21st century unfolds, Chinese textbook has entered into the postmodern development stage, which is embodied as three points： the renovation of the textbook form, the change of the textbook nature, the shift of the text- book significance. E-book has emerged. Creation, emotion, value, instead of knowledge will get more weight in the new textbook. The level of standardized and authoritative will tend to be dropped.