试析杜威哲学的若干理论困境

Inquiry into Philosophical Predicament of Dewey's Pragmatism

杜威通过重新解释经验概念,实现了对传统形而上学的改造,但是,杜威实用主义哲学仍然受到存在论基础不够坚实的批评,或者有相对主义倾向的质疑。杜威哲学的基础理论的困境可以归结为三个问题:一是杜威忽视了问题情境中不同层次与领域的区别,容易导致解释歧义和实用主义的不明晰性;二是他在对实用主义蕴含的基本原则时间情境的解释中缺乏历史维度,过程概念简单化;三是他对科学过于乐观,淡化哲学反思,模糊哲学与科学的不同内涵与功能,最终回归到自然主义。

Inquiry into the predicament of Dewey's pragmatism shows up the negative consequences of his view on continuity and wholeness.He confused the difference layers of question situation,such as difference of the elements of long-term and short-term,and domains.His emphasis on time is full of his philosophical thought,but he ignored the timely situation because he neglected the inter-transitional relation between the old and the new,and the complicated understanding circle.His attempt of reconstruction of philosophy based on evolution and psychology means that he confuse the roles of philosophy and science,And his attempt to extend the experiential method efficient in scientific research to social research and social practices of reconstruction is inimical to his principle of situation,as well as a kind of simplification of the dialectic relation of philosophy-science.