北魏“天赐十王”考辨

The Analysis on the Ten Kings in Tianci Period of the Northern Wei Dynasty

北魏道武帝天赐元年改定爵制,把先前的五等爵序压缩为王、公、侯、子四等。王爵级别最高,在政坛中也最为耀眼。当时受封王爵者共十人,是为"天赐十王"。十王的身份特点与天赐爵制的封授原则存在一定的距离,统治者尝试各种办法试图予以弥合。十王的人员结构与等级差别是北魏初年政治形势和统治集团内部关系的集中写照,也是当时宗室政策的缩影。随着北魏皇统的形成,道武帝利用王封协调权利配置格局,以顺应构建皇权制度和宗法体系的需要。

In Daowu emperor's Tianci period of the Northern Wei dynasty,the title of nobility was adjusted. The system of five-class rank was compressed into four grades,king,duke,marquis and viscount,respectively. The king was the highest title and the brightest on the political rank. Totally ten kings were knighted in the Tianci first year. Their status feature was obviously different from the official rules. The emperor tried all kinds of methods to make up the theory deficiencies. The structure and degree disparity of the ten kings were the concentrated reflection of the early political situation,ruling clique's internal relationship and the royal clan policy. Along with the completion of the legitimism,the king rank was used for coordinating the interest setup to meet the requirement of the imperial authority and patriarchal clan system.