论明清盐商子弟科举考试中的商籍管理

Research on the Management of "Commercial Household Registration"for Salt Merchants Families in Ming and Qing Dynasties Imperial Examination

商籍设立于明末,清承明制,并普及到全国各大盐场。明清商籍设立之初衷为方便远在他乡的盐商子弟参加科举应试,确保他们的科举权利。但因商籍设立与盐业资本之间的密切关系,商籍管理事实上赋予了盐商子弟一种科举特权。这样,商籍制度从设立伊始便具有二重属性:一为科举公平,一为政治交易。商籍管理的特权性质造成清代不断有人假冒商籍参加科举考试。为此,清政府逐步完善了商籍管理的各项制度,在一定程度上维护了科举考试的正常秩序。

＂ Commercial household registration＂ for salt merchants families set up in the late of Ming Dynasty, and carried forward to all large salt works in Qing Dynasty. The original intention was to give convenience for salt merchants families in imperial examination and to ensure their imperial civil rights. It had close relationship with salt capital, in fact it gave an imperial privilege for salt merchants families. So at the beginning ＂commercial household registration＂ for salt merchants families had two attributes： one for the fairness, another for a political deal. This privilege led to pretend to be salt merchants families who participated in the imperial examination. Therefore, the Qing government gradually improved the system, and to a certain extent, safeguarded the normal order of imperial examination.