《元刊杂剧三十种》“不及”义差比句考察

The Inferiority Categories of Comparative Constructions in Thirty Types of Yuankan Zaju

《元刊杂剧三十种》中,"不及"义差比句式基本上沿用上古汉语,但结构要比过去复杂得多,X和Y在数量上可以为多个;从比较标记的形式看,可分为否定式比较标记和反诘式比较标记,表达形式丰富,比较标记前还可被副词"犹"、"倒"、"也"、"却"等修饰,加强了"不及"语义;从比较结果看,比较结果既可以出现,也可以不出现,当句子中出现比较结果时,其位置呈现不稳定性,这是《杂剧》独有的语法特点,具有鲜明的时代特点;从语义来看,"不及"义差比句表达了X在能力、性质、状态、程度等方面不及Y。其中"不比"义原有两层语义,即"不及"和"差不多",而在《杂剧》中"不比"句的语义均为"不及";从句法功能看,差比标记均在句中作谓语。

The inferiority categories of comparative constructions in Thirty Types of Yuankan Zaju basically followed ancient Chinese , but its structure is more complex than before, and the comparative subject ＂X＂ and object ＂Y＂ is more than the correct or required number. From the comparative marker forms, its expression form is very rich, which could divide into negation and rhetorical question forms, and the adverbs such as ＂ you ＂, ＂ dao ＂, ＂ ye ＂ and ＂ que ＂ are used to modify comparative marker, thus strengthening inferiority semantics. From the comparative result, it takes on unstable position. This is an exclusive peculiarity of Zaju which contains the distinctive era characteristic. From the semantics, the inferiority categories of comparative constructions shows that ＂X＂ was beneath ＂Y＂ in ability, property, status and extent etc. In addition, ＂ bu bi ＂ included two layers of meaning ,which were inferiority and similar, but the meaning of ＂ bu bi ＂ is inferiority. From the syntactic function, the comparison structure mainly uses as predicate.