司法过程的直觉及其偏差控制

Intuition and Its Bias Control in the Judicial Process

作为相对独立存在的认知加工系统,直觉与"理性—分析"系统共同处理各种信息。直觉机制以自动化方式发挥先行的加工作用,在信息不充分和判断不确定情形中,为理性分析提供基础。在司法过程中,直觉通过获取法条、形成初始结论为法律推理提供前提,逻辑自动化型直觉还可以省略认知过程、快捷获得结论。但直觉可能产生偏差,导致结论偏离实际,所以要通过诉讼程序、司法管理等制度设计对直觉进行深度监控。理想的司法认知至少需直觉、检测与证立三道工序,对应发现结论、防范直觉偏差、修正不合理理由三个认知功能,完成为案件提供答案、保证客观性、展现正当性三重司法任务。

As a relatively independent cognitive processing system, intuition works with the 'rationalanalytic' system in processing all kinds of information. The intuitive mechanism plays its leading processing role by way of authomaticity, and provides a basis for rational analysis in cases of inadequate information and uncertain judgment. In the judicial process, intuition provides a prerequisite for legal reasoning by accessing legal provisions and drawing initial conclusions. Logical automatic intuition can also jump over the cognitive process to make a fast conclusion. Meanwhile, intuition tends to induce biases, causing a deviation of the conclusion from the reality. Therefore, intuition must be closely monitored through institutional designs such as proceedings and judicial administration. An ideal judicial notice needs at least three procedures (intuition, check and argumentation), plays three cognitive functions (conclusion discovery, prevention of biased intuition, and revision of unreasonable reasons), and fulfills three judicial tasks (providing an answer to a case, guaranteeing objectivity and demonstrating legitimacy).