英国应急安全管理体制机制评析

On the Emergency and Security Management System in the United Kingdom

英国应急安全管理体系始建于二战以后,主要以地方管理为核心,其管理重点包括防范核打击下的平民伤亡,对突发的自然灾害以及北爱尔兰的恐怖袭击进行应对与处理等。进入21世纪后,英国的应急管理从立法规制到中央、地方的体制协调上实现了飞跃发展。2001年,英国成立了内阁国民紧急事务秘书处。2004年,《国民紧急状态法》颁布出台,界定了"应急事务"的范畴,规范了从中央到地方所有应急管理机构的角色与责任。2010年,英国的应急管理被纳入到国家安全的"大安全"战略框架。总体上看,英国应急管理体系从中央到地方构成了一个立体网状的体制结构,形成了多层分工、上下联动、跨部门协作的运行机制。此外,英国应急管理注重发挥地方、基层的中坚作用,特别突出风险防范、应急培训、业务持续性与灾后恢复的"系统抗灾力"建设。在2005年伦敦恐怖爆炸事件中,英国政府基本做到了快速、高效、全面的应急安全管理,也总结了在预警评估、高级别跨机构协调的角色定位、管理通讯网络以及对事故死伤者及其家属提供支持等方面需要进一步改进的意见。英国应急安全管理的经验也对中国的应急管理有一定的借鉴作用。

The emergency and security management system of the United Kingdom was established after the World War II,and based on local management,it aimed at protecting civilians from nuclear attack,dealing with natural disasters and terrorist attacks.Entering the 21 st century,the UK emergency and security management system has dramatically improved in terms of legislation and mechanism.It has formed a web-like structure from central to local governments,which is characterized by division of labor through various levels,linkage between the upper and the lower,and cross-department collaboration.In addition,the UK emphasized the crucial role of local governmentsin building 'resilience' in terms of risk prevention,emergency training,business continuity and disaster rehabilitation.During the 2005 London bombings,the UK government had a quick,effective and comprehensive emergency management,and acknowledged to improve the system of early warning,high-level inter-agency coordination,intercommunication network and aid project for victims.China should learn from the experiences of the UK to improve our own emergency security management.