讲“理”:易代之际抉择传统——文化冲突与清初社会重建(英文)

Expounding Neo-Confucianism:Choice of Tradition at a Time of Dynastic Change——Cultural Conflict and the Social Reconstruction of Early Qing

明清鼎革之际,满汉之间政治体制、统治方式、生活方式和经济生活组织方式的矛盾和冲突,构成了满汉文化冲突的主要内容,加剧了顺治和康熙初年的社会矛盾。面对激烈的满汉文化冲突,清初理学既不批判现实,也不反传统,而是致力于社会重建,力图通过合法的渠道,按照儒家的正统模式,重建中国社会伦理道德秩序,并借机恢复自己在意识形态中的独尊地位。在以熊赐履为代表的一批理学名臣真正将理学推向朝廷之后,理学在清朝政治中的影响随之急剧扩大,以理学为代表的儒家思想逐渐成为清朝政权的指导思想,成为清朝社会中占统治地位的官方意识形态,从根本上解决了清初社会政治演变方向问题。在此过程中,清朝政治逐渐完成了从满洲传统政治向中原政治的历史性转型,而皇帝转向儒学,为清朝内部持续数十年的文化纷争画上了圆满的句号,使满汉间全方位的深层次的民族融合成为可能。与之相应,遗民政治态度从复明到重建的改变,则是清初中国社会由乱到治的标志性政治和文化现象。

During the Ming-Qing dynastic transition, the contradictions and conflicts arising from the different political systems, ways of rule, living styles and organization modes of economic life between the Manchu and the Han constituted a central part of Manchu-Han cultural conflicts, and intensified the social contradiction during the earlier years of emperors Shunzhi and Kangxi. Against this background, the early-Qing Neo-Confucianism neither criticized the reality nor rejected the tradition, but attempted to reestablish the moral and ethical order of the Chinese society in accordance with orthodox Confucianism. With its introduction into the imperial court by famous Neo-Confueianists such as Xiong Cilii, Neo-Confucianism began to enjoy increasing influence in Qing politics, and became the dominant official ideology in the Qing society. With this, the Qing dynasty gradually completed its historical transition from traditional Manchu politics to Central-plains politics. Moreover, the emperor＇s turnto Confucianism also put a good end to the decade-long cultural conflict within the Qing dynasty, thus making possible the ethnic intermingling between the Manchu and the Han. Accordingly, the change in Ming loyalists＇ political attitude was a political and cultural indicator of the disorder-order transition of the early-Qing Chinese society.