属人法的主义之争与中国道路

The Nationality Principle versus the Domicile Principle and China's Road

本国法主义与住所地法主义的道路殊别,成为两大法系国际私法最主要的区分标志。我国属人法方法从本国法主义向经常居所原则的根本转变,只有放在两大法系属人法之争的背景中,才能明晰其意义和未来演变方向。本国法主义与住所地法主义都坚持属人法的统一性。前者以国家主义和民族主义为思想基础,后者以个人主义和自由主义为价值追求。本国法主义的历史形成具有单边色彩,它倾向于扩大法院地国属人法的支配范围,伴有对相关法律的道德性的比较判断,借此保障海外国民的基本民事权利。住所地法主义促使不同国籍当事人的民事身份与地位趋于平等一致,客观上促进了一国的族群融合,其体系性功能稍优于本国法主义。惯常居所原则主要是国际公约的妥协产物,其弊端是割裂了个人与特定国家间的精神联系,销蚀了属人法的精神属性。经常居所是惯常居所的中国表达,但最新司法解释赋予了经常居所一定的特殊含义。经常居所未来应进一步"住所化",顾及我国国民跨国流动的现实,实现住所地法主义的价值追求。

In the field of private international law, there has always been an iron curtain standing be- tween the common law and the civil law countries during the past centuries, which is made of nation- ality principle on one side and domicile principle on the other side. Although each principle tries to promote its spiritual connotations by legally constructing the concept of nationality or domicile, the spiritual foundations of nationality principle may be generalized as nationalism, completion of person- ality and liberation of spirits, while the pursuit of domicile principle is to grant individual freedom to choose their personal law by choosing their domiciles. Nationality principle is colored by the unilateral approach in its history, with a tendency to enlarge the scope of the forum＇ s personal law, and is fa- vorable to protect the basic civil rights of its citizens. The domicile principle contributes to the equali ty and consistency of individuals＇ civil status, and helps to harmonize various ethnic peoples in the same country. Compared with domicile principle, nationality principle is unable to coordinate the whole private international law system. In China, the fundamental transition from nationality principle to habitual residence as the con- necting factor of personal law should be put in the context of the rival and competition between the two principles to understand its implications and to predict its evolving directions. Habitual residence is the result of compromise in international conventions, and has the disadvantages of cutting apart the spiritual connection between individual and a specific country. Considering the trans-border movement of Chinese citizens, the habitual residence in China may well develop towards domicile to pursue the values embodied in domicile principle.