由个人意志自由到公共意志自由——康德的权利学说

From Individual Freedom of Will to Public Freedom of Will: Kant’s Theory of Right

康德的权利学说包括如下要点:人的自由意志按照符合普遍自由法则的行为准则选择的行为就是权利;现实中的权利不是个人行为现象,而是群体的精神、意志现象;权利形成的前提是集体共同占有;只有在国家形成之后,根据公共意志的认可,人们才享有真正的权利。该学说弥补了古典自然法学哲理上的一些缺憾,但也失去该学说的以权利约束对抗国家权力的思想光彩,并为分析实证主义法学反对自然权利、道德权利的存在开辟了理论通道。

The key points of Kant＇ s Theory of Rights include ： Right is the choice that the free will of human being behaviors according to the universal law of freedom, the positive right is not a phenomenon of individual behavior, but the spirit and will of a group, the premise of the formation of right is the collective possession. Only after the formation of state, based on the approval of public will, human beings have had the real rights. This doctrine remedied some philosophical drawbacks of classic natural rights theory, but lost the contemplative highlight of the latter that constraining power by right, and made a theoretical way for analytic legal positivism＇ s objection on natural rights and moral rights.