古代苏美尔奴隶制社会的婚姻制度——以苏美尔吉尔苏城民法判决文书和同时期及稍后的法典为根据

The Marriage System in the Ancient Sumer Slave Society

大约在公元前2100年,两河流域进入乌尔第三王朝的苏美尔帝国时期。在帝国重要的行省吉尔苏(Girsu)城遗址上出土了216块法律判决泥板文书,这些法律文件是研究古代两河流域苏美尔时期奴隶社会法律的原始材料。这其中有23块楔形文献是关于婚姻纠纷的裁决,本文以这23块关于婚姻的法律文书为依据,并结合同时代的《乌尔那穆法典》与稍后的《李皮特伊什塔尔法典》和《埃什嫩那法典》中有关婚姻的法律条文,初步论述了苏美尔奴隶制社会中婚姻关系建立和解除的法律程序,以及与婚姻生活有关的一些内容。从中反映出苏美尔男子和女子在婚姻家庭生活中所处的截然不同的地位:丈夫是妻子的主人,妻子则在婚姻生活中处于半奴隶式的从属地位。

About in the year 2100BC,the Mesopotamia came into the Sumer Empire in the era of the Ur third Period.A total of 216pieces of legal judgment documents were excavated in Girsu City,the important province of the empire.These documents are important raw materials for the study of the laws of ancient Mesopotamia slave society of Sumer period.Of these documents,there are 23texts about the legal judgment of marriage disputes.On the basis of the 23legal texts about marriage,in combination with the clauses from the contemporary Code of Ur-Namma,and the later Code of Lipit-Itar and Code of Enunna,this paper discusses the legal process of establishing and releasing the marriage relationship and some details of the marriage life in the Sumer slave society.From this discussion,we will find that men and women hada very different status in marriage and family life in the Sumer society.The husband was the master of the wife while the wife was in a subordinate status as a half-slave.