运动员的自我控制:重要理论及研究进展

Athletes' Self-Control:Important Theories and Research Development

运动员大赛最佳竞技表现的核心是良好的自我控制。本文介绍了解释自我控制与竞技表现关系的6个理论的核心要点和实证研究,包括自动执行假说(Baumeister,1984)、加工效能理论(Eysenck&Calvo,1992)、注意控制理论(Eysenck,Derakshan,Santos,&Calvo,2007)、自我控制的力量模型((Baumeister,Bratslavsky,Muraven,&Tice,1998;Baumeister,Vohs,&Tice,2007)、心理控制的逆过程理论(Wegner,1994)和流畅状态理论(Csikszentmihalyi,1990);还介绍了通过心理训练以提高运动员自我控制能力的4个理论,包括心理建设综合模式(刘淑慧,1998,2001)、逆境应对训练模式(姒刚彦,2006,2007)、心理技能训练模型(Vealey,2007)和中国运动员心理建设系统(张凯,张力为,2011)。本文讨论了这两类10个理论的异同及在运动员自我控制研究中的意义;最后指出,对不同的自我控制理论同时进行检验和比较的研究或许具有潜在价值。

In traditional text books and empirical studies, sport psychologists used the inverted U hypothesis （Yerkes ＆ Dodson, 1908 ）, drive theory, zone of individual optimal function （Hanin, 1989）, multi-dimensional anxiety theory （Martens, Vealey, ＆ Burton, 1990） , catastrophe theory （Hardy ＆ Fazey, 1987） and anxiety direction and frequency theory （Jones ＆ Swain, 1992） to explain the relationship between mental states and athletic performance, focusing on arousal and anxiety. This paper provided a new perspective to investigate this relationship by focusing on self control. Self control refers to the abilities of restraining, adjusting and changing impulse, desire and habitual responses, which lies at the center of volition, motivation and emotion. Serf control embodies an executive function and is a precondition of good social adaptation. Good self control helps people reduce problems of impulse control, such as aggressive behaviors, crimes, eating disorders, and addictive behaviors. Good self control can also help people get better academic achievement and work accomplishment, have harmonious interpersonal relationship and increase the level of mental health. By the same token, athletes＇ tough training and peak performance in big competitions also requires good self-control. This paper introduced the key concepts and empirical study evidence of ten theories that are closely related to self control in athletic training and competition. These ten theories could be divided into two categories. The first category includes 6 theories about the relationship between athletes＇ performance and self-control, including the choking under pressure model （Baumeister, 1984）, the processing efficiency theory （Eysenck ＆ Calvo, 1992）, the attentional control theory （Eysenck, Derakshan, Santos, ＆ Calvo, 2007 ）, the strength model of self-control （Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, ＆ Tice, 1998; Baumeister, Vohs, ＆ Tice, 2007）, the theory of ironic processes of mental control （Wegner, 1994） and the flow theory （Csikszentmihalyi, 1990）. The second category includes four theories about the mental training program for improving athletes＇ self-control, including the model of integrated psychological construction （Liu, 1998, 2001 ）, adversity coping theory （ Si, 2006, 2007 ） , the mental skill training model （Vealey, 2007 ） and the system of Chinese athletes psychological construction （Zhang ＆ Zhang, 2011 ）. The contributions of these ten theories to self-control study were discussed. Similarities and differences of these ten theories in two the categories were analyzed. It was believed that the research results of athletes＇ self-control under tough training and competition conditions could benefit people working under highly stressful circumstances such as students in classroom examinations, doctors in operation rooms, soldiers in battle fields, and pilots in planes. It was also believed that it might be valuable to compare these theories in future empirical research.