大学生幸福感提升的纵向研究:适合度和努力的调节作用

A Longitudinal Study Comparing the Effectiveness of Different Positive Psychological Interventions on University Students:The Moderating Role of Person-Activity Fit and Effort

考察提升大学生幸福感的不同干预练习的效果及其调节变量。120名大学生参与前测,其中104名完成5周的干预和后测。随机分配大学生每周从事感激、乐观和生活事件记录,对他们的幸福感和抑郁进行前测和后测。结果表明,5周干预练习后,与记录生活事件组相比,感激组的幸福感显著上升,感激组和乐观组的抑郁显著下降;另外,与练习活动更匹配和更努力的被试获益更大。可见感激和乐观是对中国大学生有效的幸福感干预练习,且个人与练习的适合度和个体的努力程度调节干预效果。

Growing evidence shows that positive psychological interventions can increase people＇s well-being in the West. However, it is unclear whether individually-focused happiness interventions improve Chinese people＇s well-being. Furthermore, factors that moderate the effect of happiness intervention strategies are yet to be explored. We hypothesize that ： （a） compared to the control activity, the two experimental activities improves participants＂ well-being and reduce their depression level; （b） the person-activity fit moderates the effect of the happiness-enhancing activities ; （c） the effort participants devoted to a given activity moderates the effect of the activities. A longitudinal, placebo-controlled design was used, and 120 university students filled out the Oxford Happiness Questionnaires, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, Satisfaction With Life Scale, and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. They were randomly assigned to express gratitude, cultivate optimism, and list everyday events （control group） and 104 students completed the assigned activities every week and persisted for 5 weeks. Then, they completed the same scales as 5 weeks before. Measures of person-activity fit and effort were also administered. Alter 5 weeks＇practices, gratitude group showed significant increase on overall well-being indicator （p = . 008） and decrease on depression score （p 〈 . 001 ） ; optimism group showed significant decrease on depression score （p = . 014） ; control group did not show significant change in well-being and depression （both ps 〉 . 10）. In addition, gratitude group showed the largest well-being increase relative to the other two groups （p = . 029 and p = . 011 ）. Furthermore, the person-activity fit predicted post-intervention wellbeing （β = . 170） and depression （β = -. 198） ; the effort participants exerted in the activities predicted post-intervention depression （β= -. 249）. Finally, pre-intervention well-being negatively predicted well-being change （β = -. 456）, pre-intervention depression predicted depression change （β = . 527）, suggested that participants with the lowest well-being or highest depression level benefit most from the activities. In conclusion, relative to listing everyday events, expressing gratitude can improve well-being and reduce depression, and cultivate optimism by imagining the ideal future can reduce depression. The participants who find the assigned activities fit themselves benefit more from the interventions, and they devote more effort to the activities. Participants with poor well-being benefit more from the interventions. The research has implications for sustainably increasing people＇s happiness by using right moderators.