美国国家公园的管理体制

Administration system of national parks in USA

美国国家公园采取的是以联邦政府为核心的集权式管理,并形成了以"国家公园管理局—地方办公室—基层管理局"为主线的垂直管理体系。国家公园基金会的设立,则是为了整合来自私人部门的资金、技术和人力等资源,从而有效增进社会福利并保护环境资源。然而,公私合作管理也存在着难以根治的痼疾。借鉴美国的先行经验,结合我国的现实国情,未来我国保护地应改变企业主导的运作模式,加大政府管理力度,有效整合社会资源,以增加公众的经济可达性,并鼓励民间环保团体的监督与参与。

America sets up the administration system involving three -level agencies as follows： national park serv- ice, local offices and basic bureaus. National Park Foundation （NPF）, an official foundation with the approval of the Con- gress, absorbs capital, technology and human resources from private companies, universities and research institutes, nongov- ernmental organizations, and individual volunteers. The public - private partnership ensures national parks as a public product, and improves the social well being. However, a formidable de- fect exists. In view of USA＇ s experience and China＇ s national conditions, China＇ s conservation areas should change from the company- dominant style to the central government -leading style, and meanwhile integrate nongovernmental organizations in- to the administration system.