气候变化压力下锡林郭勒草原牧民生计与可持续能力

Living and Sustainable Capacity under Climate Change in the Xilin Gol Grassland

气候变暖与高强度放牧对内蒙古草地生态系统产生的压力影响到区域社会——生态系统的可持续性,区域自然资源禀赋与社会经济状况发展的差异使得不同地区的牧民在应对气候变化的能力与策略上不同。为掌握锡林郭勒草原牧民的生计状况,认识不同草原区牧民对气象灾害的应对能力和可持续生计能力,本文选取锡林郭勒盟东部典型草原区的西乌珠穆沁旗(以下简称西乌旗)和锡林郭勒盟西南部荒漠草原区的正镶白旗(以下简称白旗)为案例区,通过对牧民进行访谈式问卷调查获得第一手数据,应用可持续生计分析框架分析不同草原区牧民的生计资产配置状况。结果表明:典型草原区西乌旗地区牧民的人均自然资本是荒漠草原区白旗的1.9倍,经济资本是白旗的1.8倍,物质资本是白旗的2.0倍,社会资本是白旗的1.3倍,人力资本也略高于白旗。两个草原生态区自然资源禀赋的不同决定了经济和物质资本的差异。典型草原区牧户在较为丰富的自然资本的基础上,积累了相对丰厚的以牲畜为主的经济资本,巩固居民住房、牲畜棚圈和牧业机械设备等物质资本是该区牧民增强抵御气象灾害能力的主要生计策略。而荒漠草原区牧民自然生计资本薄弱,经济资本积累不足,由此引发的对草地的生计依存性下降削弱了该类区域改善牲畜棚圈和增加牧业机械设备为主的物质资本的增长动力,牧民抵御气候灾害的能力以及牧区的可持续能力因此更加脆弱,寻求第二职业、发展生计多元化成为该区牧民改善生计状态的主要策略趋向。

Climate warming and intense grazing on Inner Mongolian grasslands are influencing regional social-ecosystem sustainability. Here, we select a typical steppe, West Ujimqin Banner in the east of Xilin Gol League, and a desert steppe, Zhengxiangbai Banner in the southwest of Xilin Gol League, as focal areas and obtained first-hand data through interviews with herdsmen. We then used sustainable livelihoods analysis to analyze and characterize herder livelihood asset allocation condition using five dimensions （natural, social, human, physical and economic capital） and 16 indicators. We found that the natural capital of Ujimqin Banner located in typical steppe is 1.9 times that of Zhengxiangbai Banner in desert steppe, the economic capital of Ujimqin Banner 1.8 times that of Zhengxiangbai Banner, the physical capital is 2.0 times that of Zhengxiangbai Banner, and the social capital is 1.3 times that of Zhengxiangbai Banner. The difference in the natural resource endowment of these two grassland ecotopes has resulted in differences in physical capital, economic capital, social capital and human capital. Herdsmen strategies for resisting meteorological disasters are based on consolidated physical capital such as herdsmen housing, livestock canopy and animal husbandry equipment. However, the herdsmen of Zhengxiangbai Banner have vulnerable natural capital and cannot accumulate sufficient economic capital. Seeking a second career is the main strategy for improving living conditions and this weakens physical capital based on livestock canopy and animal husbandry equipment.