清末庙产兴学政策方针与地方的运作——以清末四川叙永厅为个案

On Educational Funds Raised from the Temples Land Property in Late Qing Dynasty and Local Operation——Taking Xuyong County Sichuan Province As A Case

叙永厅从光绪二十九年(1902)初开始,按五成计算对境内58座寺观提拨庙产。提取庙产虽然经过办学士绅议定,地方官的批准,实际上,与僧人议定的庙产提成是不大稳定的。为了解决这一问题,各学堂学董要求把寺庙认提的田产提归学堂,佃户也转学堂投佃。在地方官的干涉下,叙永厅部分租佃寺庙产业的佃户与各区劝学员或学堂的学董建立了新的租佃关系。光绪三十三年(1906)劝学所设立,促进了地方新式教育的推行和发展,使乡村公立小学堂的数目迅速增加,也带来经费筹措方面的难题。为了增加办学经费,学绅对寺院僧人隐匿、漏报和拖欠的庙产进行了调查和清查。而僧人及各类庙会被迫分割出自己的资产以兴学,自未必积极。在这种情况下,学董只能借助官府的权威,派差锁押、拘传僧人,迫使其补缴所应交之学款。结果,叙永厅提拨庙产的过程可以说是一个地方官、办学绅员与僧人不断对抗和讼争的过程。

Starting from 1902, the Xuyong county government collected 50% of the reve- nues from 58 local temples in the area, over 2000 Chu＇an annually. The sum of money to be collected was proposed by the local school management and approved by the local government officials, but the actual amount of collection that they decided on after ne- gotiations with the monks varied from year to year. To ensure a regular amount that could be＇ collected for＇the school running, the school board directors of all the schools demanded thatSthe land property levied should be transferred to the schools and that the tenants turn to them for renting the land accordingly. In 1906, the Bureau of Education was established, the soaring number of the public schools appeared, which was followed by the difficulties in fund raising for the schools. To increase the school funding, the lo- cal gentry overseeing the school running started an investigation over the monks＇ ques- tionable practices, such as the hiding, defaulting and missing reports of the revenues from the land~ Since the monks and the temples were unwilling to share part of their as- sets ＇to support the school running, the school board directors resorted to the local gov- ernment, who had the right to arrest the monks and to force them to pay up.