“二重证据法”与古书的反思

The Method of Dual Evidence and Rethinking of Ancient Books

在现代学术两次集中对古书的反思中,疑古派学者与释古派学者都自觉地运用出土材料,各自对古书的观点进行论证,但观点却往往截然相反。受出土材料类型的影响,第一次对古书的反思主要集中于对史实的怀疑,进而扩展到对古书作出或伪或真的判定。在20世纪70年代之后,一系列新的出土材料多以古书的形式出现,所以,第二次古书的反思在观点上延续了疑古派和释古派的观点,在形式上转变为对古书的成书与流传的不同认识,对出土文献的不同解读为焦点。科学的做法是,应当结合出土古书和传世古书,对古书通例进行充分研究,运用"二重证据法"穷其流变,对古书的成书和传流等问题进行更为深入的研究,而不能仅仅局限于古书的真、伪之争。

In Chinese modern academic history,the Yigu School and the Shigu School proved their views with the same excavated documents,affected by the type of excavated documents,For the first time,many famous Yigu academic suspected the authenticity of the recorded history by the ancient books,so they considered most of Chinese classics was Pseudographs,but the view of Shigu academic is direct opposite of the view of Yigu School.Because of the emergence of a large number of excavated documents related to ancient books since the 1970s,academia began to realize the whole complexity of the evolvement and circulation of ancient books.But the Yigu School and the Shigu School still insisted on their own views,and argue their self-views with the new excavated documents.In fact,we should combine excavated documents and classical documents,and then research the general rules of ancient books.On this basis,we can realize the origin and change of the ancient book,not simply limited to the true or false.